America's Political Economy: The local structure of labour markets and bargaining power
https://www.adamtooze.com/2018/01/2...al-structure-labour-markets-bargaining-power/
Across much of America (and many other countries) the concentration of monopoly power in the hands of a handful of employers in local labour markets, gives them huge bargaining power in relation to workers, even when labour is scarce nationally.
It is an incredibly intuitive finding revealed by a recent
NBER paper by
José Azar,
Ioana Marinescu,
Marshall I. Steinbaum. Using data gleaned from America’s largest online jobs site CareerBuilder.com they show the extent of monopsony power (monopoly power enjoyed by a purchaser of goods or services) enjoyed by employers across much of the US.
The measure of concentration they use is the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) index. It is a clever analytical and argumentative move. Usually HHI is used in anti-trust suits to measure concentration in product markets. The originality of the paper is that it applies the measures to another facet of corporate power: their power as purchasers of labour.
The results are stark. They show a truly dramatic concentration of labour market power in the hands of employers. Across thousands of labour markets the average HHI index based on advertised vacancies is 3157, well above the 2500 threshold that would raise anti-trust concerns in product markets. Based on applications rather than vacancies i.e. the jobs that people actually wanted, the HHI index was 3480. These were the averages including big city regions where many employers compete for workers. Outside the big cities the level of concentration rockets to 10,000.
Concentration matters because it is tightly related to wages. Higher concentration on the side of the employer makes for lower wages.
Any anecdotal experience of small town or rural life in America (or anywhere else) would confirm this result. Likewise the fact that investors seek out rural locations in which they can maximize their bargaining power, is a commonplace. But as the authors modestly state: “This paper provides for the first time to our knowledge a measure of labor market concentration for many of the largest labor markets in the US.”
Or in plainer English...
https://slate.com/business/2018/01/...cans-cant-get-a-raise.html?via=recirc_engaged
If you were a delivery van driver searching for a new job any time between the years of 2010 and 2013, chances are, you wouldn’t have found many businesses competing for your services. In Selma, Alabama, there was, on average, just one company posting help wanted ads for those drivers on the nation’s biggest job board. In all of Orlando, Florida, there were about nine. Nationwide the average was about two.
The situation for telemarketers wasn’t great either. In any given city or town, approximately three companies were trying to hire for their services. Accountants only had it a little better: Roughly four businesses were posting jobs for them.
A lack of competition among employers gives businesses outsize power over workers, including the ability to tamp down on pay.
Those numbers are based on the findings of a new research paper that may help unlock the mystery of why Americans can’t seem to get a decent raise. Economists have struggled over that question for years now, as wage growth has stagnated and more of the nation’s income has shifted from the pockets of workers into the bank accounts of business owners. Since 1979, inflation-adjusted hourly pay is up just 3.41 percent for the middle 20 percent of Americans while labor’s
overall share of national income has
declined sharply since the early 2000s. There are lots of possible explanations for why this is, from long-term factors like the rise of automation and decline of organized labor, to short-term ones, such as the lingering weakness in the job market left over from the great recession. But a
recent study by a group of labor economists introduces an interesting theory into the mix: Workers’ pay may be lagging because the U.S. is suffering from a shortage of employers.
You don’t have to look hard to tell that we live in a world where many employers have extraordinary leverage over their workers—just read about the grueling, erratic,
computer-generated schedules low-wage workers are forced to navigate, or the widespread proliferation of
noncompete agreements. And it’s clear that American industry has
consolidated enormously over the decades. Years of mergers and the rise of exceedingly profitable superstars like Google and Facebook have concentrated economic power in fewer corporate boardrooms, and research
suggests that America’s transformation into a life-size Monopoly board may be cutting into labor’s share of the economy.
The degree of concentration, and the effect on wages, tended to be worse in smaller towns than major cities. Places like Alpena, Michigan, and Butte, Montana, had the least competition among employers, while New York, Chicago, and Philadelphia had the most. It also varied by occupation. Equipment mechanics, legal secretaries, telemarketers, and those delivery drivers faced some of the most highly concentrated job markets; registered nurses, corporate salesmen, and customer service representatives had some of the least. But overall, the problem looks pervasive.
If the U.S. really does have the sort of widespread monopsony problem this paper documents, it would be one more important point on the constellation of reasons workers have fallen so far behind this century. It would also change the way we need to think about certain public policy issues.
Take the minimum wage. The classic argument against increasing the pay floor is that it will kill jobs by making hiring more costly than it’s worth. But in a monopsony-afflicted world where companies can artificially depress wages, a higher minimum shouldn’t hurt employment, because it will just force employers to pay workers more in line with the value they produce.
The same goes for collective bargaining. In the perfectly competitive labor markets of economics textbooks, labor unions are basically dead weight that make companies less efficient. In a world where a small clutch of businesses do most of the hiring, unions may actually fix a broken market by giving workers more sway.
Still, even if the study is only gesturing in the direction of a real problem, it’s a deeply worrisome one. We’re living in an era of industry consolidation. That’s not going away in the foreseeable future. And workers can’t ask for fair pay if there aren’t enough businesses out there competing to hire.
WHY WON'T THOSE WORKERS JUST STAND UP STRAIGHT WITH THEIR SHOULDERS BACK ALREADY!!!