When an economy contracts, it indicates reduced consumer spending, creating a downward spiral. This impacts businesses, leading to decreased production, reduced spending on staff, and ultimately, fewer people working. Fewer people working, less goods less investment in staff and growth. This scenario contrasts with the Keynesian multiplier effect, as it results in a reverse cycle with declining goods sold. A recession is generally defined as a fall in GDP in to successive quarters which is indicative of the cycle described above.