On This Day 15th September 1830, The Opening Of The Liverpool /Manchester Railway.
First in the world: The making of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway.
The Liverpool and Manchester Railway was the world's first steam powered, inter-urban railway designed to transport both passengers and goods. Its Manchester terminus was Liverpool Road Station, now home to the Science and Industry Museum.
It took three surveys, but the railway was finally approved on 6 April 1826. Engineer George Stephenson took on the challenge of building the railway. He confronted rivers, valleys, hills and Chat Moss, a four mile stretch of bog that swallowed the rail tracks. After four years, Stephenson and his team had built 63 bridges across Lancashire's valleys, and floated rail track on tree trunks and shingle across the length of Chat Moss..
The Rainhill Trials,
As the tracks were laid, the railway's directors quarrelled about what should pull the railway's carriages and wagons. Stephenson championed the steam locomotive, whilst others preferred stationary steam engines with thick ropes to haul wagons up the track. Others thought old-fashioned horsepower was best. To decide, the directors declared a competition for 'Engineers and Iron Founders' to present their solutions. £500 was on offer, roughly £34,000 nowadays.
Communications were received […] from professors of philosophy, down to the humblest mechanic, all were zealous in their proffers of assistance.
Henry Booth (1830),
Five contestants faced each other: Cycloped, Perseverance, Novelty, Sans Pareil and Rocket, the locomotive devised by George Stephenson's son, Robert. People were fascinated. Over 10,000 people crowded to Rainhill and witnessed Rocket's success, and the victory of the steam locomotive.
Opening the rails: 15 September 1830,
Manchester and Liverpool were fired up by railroad fever. Crowds clustered at stations all along the track, anxious to witness the railway's grand opening. Dignitaries including the Prime Minister the Duke of Wellington and the Austrian ambassador crammed into the carriages for their momentous journey from Liverpool to Manchester.
Carriages, all bedight with scarlet and gold, and filled with gallant gentlemen and gaudy dames (for all the carriages were open), and there was such a flying of flags, and such smiling and bowing, that I was fain to think myself very small sitting on my bench.
Mrs M.M. Sherwood (September 1830),
People waved and cheered as the eight locomotives and their carriages steamed passed. Others threw stones. One journalist reported spectators crowding round the tracks, trying to rip them up. Soldiers and cavalry lined sections of the railroad to protect the passengers and carriages from the masses. As with many leaps in technology, people worried how it would affect their livelihoods.
The passengers were jubilant, but then, part way to Manchester, tragedy struck. The locomotives stopped to refuel, and passengers clambered down onto the tracks only to see Rocket charging towards them. In the confusion and panic, William Huskisson, MP for Liverpool, fell with his leg beneath Rocket's wheels. He was taken to a nearby doctor, but later died from his wounds.
After this disaster, the Duke of Wellington favoured returning to Liverpool, but others feared this could lead to a riot in Manchester. The procession continued but the passengers no longer waved at the bulging grandstands or cheering crowds.
Journalists delighted in spreading gruesome tales of Huskisson's death. The railway directors feared this would frighten away passengers, but railway fever only grew. Potters and artisans cashed in on the celebrations, producing souvenirs of every type.
