Even where public subsidies are modest the financial effects of new construction ripple out to supporters via higher ticket prices and more expensive amenities; eventually a day at the stadium becomes an occasional luxury rather than a regular pleasure. Tradition, community, rootedness are, we’re always told, at the heart of any new stadium project, but inevitably they become diluted once the fresh concrete stands are filled. New stadiums don’t just transform the physical reality in which a team plays; they change the team’s fan base too, and the culture attached to it. And perhaps that’s the real point inherent in the uniformity of modern stadium design: to eradicate the gnarly, unruly, difficult, and – let’s be honest – poor supporters, to kick out the kooks and the crazies, and replace them all with docile, obedient consumers ready to stand, sing, and spend on cue.